Polynucleotides consist of a long, unbranched chain with a backbone of sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphate units with heterocyclic bases that protrude from the chain at regular intervals. Polynucleotides are chains of nucleotides, which are essentially the building blocks that make up DNA. DNA controls many important body functions, including the way skin develops. When polynucleotide chains are introduced into the skin (through multiple small injections), they help damaged DNA cells in the skin to repair themselves and, as a result, the cells work better.
For example, polynucleotides stimulate fibroblast cells, which help form connective tissues such as collagen and elastin, the essential proteins that provide skin with shape, volume and a youthful appearance. Injectable polynucleotides use filtered, ultra-purified and sterilized fractions of DNA, which are capable of rejuvenating the skin. Polynucleotides, derived primarily from salmon or trout DNA, are designed to stimulate fibroblasts, promote tissue repair, improve cell renewal, increase elasticity and stimulate collagen production. In addition, they can alleviate inflammation and restore the balance of melanocyte activity (skin pigmentation), resulting in a more even and fresher skin tone without adding the volume associated with products such as fillers dermal.
Polynucleotides are natural molecules made up of small building blocks called nucleotides. They are the materials that contain the genetic information in all living cells. I like to think of them as instruction manuals. Each DNA molecule contains two polynucleotide chains that form an antiparallel double helix.
Nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA, are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-sided sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. Successive nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds, and the two polynucleotide chains of the DNA are held together by specific complementary base pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds; guanine pairs with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds. During DNA replication, a process mediated by several different proteins (including DNA polymerases), each existing DNA strand acts as a template for the production of a complementary strand.
Base pairing requirements ensure that each newly synthesized DNA strand has the correct nucleotide sequence (Figure 1-). Genetic transmission can also be affected by anticipation (an ever earlier onset and greater severity of a given disease in successive generations of a family due to the expansion of the number of triple repeats within or associated with the gene responsible for the disease), mosaicism (at least two cell lines that differ in genotype or karyotype derived from a single zygote), genomic imprinting (different expression of alleles depending on the origin of the parents) and unipaternity (both copies of a specific chromosome inherited from one of the parents). Polynucleotides are biopolymers composed of long chains of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The most beneficial thing for the skin is that they are biostimulators, which means that when injected they stimulate our skin to regenerate from the inside out.
So each strand is made up of many nucleotides linked together, think of this as if there were a lot of knots one after the other inside the shoelace, where each knot represents a nucleotide. A nucleotide is simply a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (meaning it has 5 carbon atoms) and a nitrogenous base. Each nucleotide in DNA has a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar (that is, the 5 carbon atoms) and one of the possible bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). Polynucleotides also help reduce inflammation and promote cell renewal., which means that the skin can renew itself more effectively.
All the stimulating effect of collagen, the additional hydration and elasticity that polynucleotides provide means that you can consider them as a super-charged injectable hydrating treatment. In Figure 1.5, the top of the polynucleotide ends with a nucleotide in which the triphosphate group attached to the 5' carbon has not participated in any phosphodiester bond. The genetic material of the nucleus is DNA, and each molecule is made up of two chains of polynucleotides arranged in a double helix. A DNA molecule is a double helix with two chains of polynucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.
But what exactly does polynucleotide treatment do, what do the results look like, and most importantly, if it's right for you? Sokratous states that the regenerative and reparative properties of polynucleotides are also effective in treating various hair and scalp problems. This means that the results of the polynucleotide may take longer to show than those of other treatments, but they can also last longer. In skin treatments, the polynucleotides that are normally used are extracted from natural and safe sources, such as fish, but are purified to ensure that they are compatible and safe for human use. Polynucleotides act on skin quality, triggering the production of large amounts of new collagen and elastin.
After a full course of polynucleotide treatment, full results should be visible about three months after treatment. In this sense, polynucleotides are a type of “regenerating” treatment, meaning they change the way DNA is expressed and stimulate the body's natural mechanisms to generate healthier skin cells. Many people use polynucleotides to treat the upper, middle, and lower parts of the face, including areas such as the bottom of the eyes and cheekbones. Polynucleotides, on the other hand, can treat multiple causes of under-eye problems, as they act to deeply moisturize, firm and tighten the skin, improve microcirculation and smooth lines and wrinkles.
More specifically, polynucleotides are injectable biostimulators, meaning that they act at the cellular level to stimulate skin rejuvenation. On average, the results of polynucleotide treatments last about six months before the patient needs a maintenance session.
